The Concert Experience and the Song as Oral Tradition :: Communication Literature Essays

The Concert Experience and the Song as Oral Tradition Before the development of composed language that empowered the production of book innovation, the verbally expressed word was the main edge of correspondence. Spoken epic verse, for example, the Iliad and Odyssey, the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf, and the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh was the substance of the discourse medium. These sagas were made as spoken pieces, and in light of the fact that audience members did not have a letter set to commodify them (separate them from their exhibition), the stories must be heard and experienced direct. This gathering experience of the expressed epic includes what writers Hobart and Schiffman term recognition: â€Å"In the world before composing, memory is the social demonstration of remembering† (15). The way pre-educated media (discourse) formed culture incorporates this memorial demonstration. Pre-proficient societies had no other method of putting away data and memory than to remember it. They couldn't record something, forget about it, and afterward relearn a similar data sometime in the not too distant future by understanding it, since they did not have the innovation of the composed letters in order important to do as such. Obviously, they had the remembering forces of the brain alone, yet as the present stories, went starting with one individual then onto the next definitely change, so did oral interchanges as human memory bombed regarding a careful reiteration of the first execution. Henceforth, each time audience members heard a verbally expressed record of the Ilia d, it changed a piece. As far as an extraordinary pre-educated entertainer of the Iliad or Odyssey, Robert Fitzgerald ventures to state that He acquired a conventional workmanship tantamount in range and refinement to the specialty of the melodic virtuoso in our day, however increasingly inventive and liquid, for in some degree it stayed a craft of act of spontaneity (484). Mental helpers, for example, rhyme and meter supported memory and kept the story on target (Hobart and Schiffman, 24), and as McLuhan would concur, can be considered innovative advances preceding the development of letters in order since they broaden language innovation. A simple to the expressed epic experience is the advanced show understanding. Both are instances of live execution. For a model, the Rolling Stones' tune Compassion toward the Devil is more similar to a verbally expressed epic than a composed record of an epic. This is on the grounds that melody and spoken epic use a similar medium.

Job Description Free Essays

Arranging Creates yearly working plans that help vital heading set by the board and associate with yearly working spending plans; submits yearly designs to the board for endorsement Collaborates with the board to characterize and explain the organization’s ision and to create techniques for accomplishing that vision Develops and screens methodologies for guaranteeing the drawn out money related practicality of the association Develops future authority inside the association 2. The board Promotes a culture that mirrors the organization’s values, supports great execution, and prizes profitability Hires, oversees, and fires the HR of the association as indicated by approved faculty approaches and systems that completely adjust to current laws and guidelines Oversees the perations of association and deals with its consistence with lawful and administrative prerequisites Creates and keeps up techniques for Implementing plans affirmed by the governing body Ensures that staff and barricade have adequate and to-date data. Assesses the organization’s and the staffs execution all the time 3. We will compose a custom article test on Set of working responsibilities or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Money related administration Oversees staff in creating yearly spending plans that help working plans and submits financial plans for board endorsement Prudently deals with the organization’s assets ithin spending rules as indicated by current laws and guidelines Ensures that staff rehearses all suitable bookkeeping techniques in consistence with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Gives speedy, careful, and exact Information to keep the board fittingly Informed of the organization’s money related position 4. HR the board Recruitment and contracting of organization and undertaking staff, Employee advancement, and preparing; Policy advancement and documentation; Employee relations; Performance the executives and improvement frameworks; Employment and consistence to administrative concerns and announcing; Company-wide council help Including arranging, creation, staff and Board of Directors, including orchestrating gatherings and motivation, joining in and minuting gatherings; Manage publicizing openings in other auditorium program, press and at scenes. Sort out the accessibility of organization individuals for media/PR occasions as important. Regulate substance, creation and conveyance of all advertising and exposure materials (banners, program, flyers, mail outs, pamphlets and so on) with chief, creator and venture anager. Oversee press improvement; Co-ordinate the greeting of potential future advertisers and supporters of the organization. 7. Network Relationships Serves as the essential representative and delegate for the association Assures that the association and its crucial, and administrations are reliably introduced in a solid, positive picture to pertinent partners Actively advocates for the association, its convictions, and its automatic endeavors Acts as a contact between the association and the network, building associations with eer associations when fitting 8. Automatic Effectiveness Oversees structure, conveyance, and nature of projects and administrations Stays side by side of current patterns identified with the organization’s items and benefits and foresees future patterns prone to affect its work Collects and breaks down assessment data that quantifies the accomplishment of the organization’s program endeavors; refines or changes programs in light of that data 6. Gathering pledges Serves as an essential individual in benefactor connections and the individual to make one-on-ne gathering pledges sales Develops gathering pledges methodologies with the load up and bolsters the load up in raising money exercises Oversees staff in the turn of events and execution of gathering pledges designs that help systems received by the Development Committee Oversees staff in the convenient accommodation award applications and progress reports for funders. Step by step instructions to refer to Job Description, Papers

40+ of Your Favorite Nonfiction Reads by Women

40+ of Your Favorite Nonfiction Reads by Women This Riot Recommendation is sponsored by  All the Women in My Family Sing: Women Write the World: Essays on Equality, Justice, and Freedom edited by Deborah Santana. All the Women in My Family Sing is a vital collection of prose and poetry by women of color, with topics that range from the pressures of being the vice-president of a Fortune 500 Company, to escaping the killing fields of Cambodia, to the struggles inside immigration, identity, romance and self-worth. The brief, trenchant essays capture the aspirations and wisdom of these powerful women as they exercise autonomy, creativity, and dignity and build bridges to heal the brokenness in todays turbulent world. Women have produced some edifying and entertaining nonfictionâ€"from philosophy to history to essays and everything in between. We wanted to know: what are your favorite works of nonfiction by women? And wow, did you tell us! Below youll find more than forty recommendations from your fellow Riot readers. Minor Characters by Joyce Johnson My Lesbian Experience with Loneliness by Nagata Kabi All the Single Ladies by Rebecca Traister A Girl Named Zippy by Haven Kimmel Holding the Line by Barbara Kingsolver The Year of Magical Thinking by Joan Didion Drift by Rachel Maddow The Woman Who Would Be King: Hatshepsut’s Rise to Power in Ancient Egypt by Kara Cooney A Room of One’s Own by Virginia Woolf Invincible by Amy Lawrence Just Kids by Patti Smith Payback: Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth by Margaret Atwood Men Explain Things to Me by Rebecca Solnit Shirley Jackson: A Very Haunted Life by Ruth Franklin Sister Outsider by Audre Lorde Unmentionable: The Victorian Lady’s Guide to Sex, Marriage, and Manners by Therese Oneill The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down by Anne Fadiman Blood Will Tell by Kyra Cornelius Kramer Unsportsmanlike Conduct by Jessica Luther Illness as Metaphor by Susan Sontag Thinking in Pictures by Temple Grandin Clever Maids by Valerie Paradiz The House on Beartown Road by Elizabeth Cohen The Secret History of Wonder Woman by Jill Lepore Ex Libris by Anne Fadiman In Order to Live by Yeonmi Park Thru Hiking Will Break Your Heart by Carrot Quinn Wishful Drinking by Carrie Fisher Wave by Sonali Deraniyagala Against Our Will by Susan Brownmiller My Beloved World by Sonia Sotomayor Get Well Soon: History’s Worst Plagues and the Heroes Who Fought Them by Jennifer Wright Brain on Fire by Susanna Cahalan Don’t Look Back, We’re Not Going That Way by Marcia Wallace I Am Malala by Malala Yousafzai Letting Go of God by Julia Sweeney The Warmth of Other Suns by Isabel Wilkerson Concussion by Jeanne Marie Laskas Cleopatra: A Life by Stacy Schiff The Female Eunuch by Germaine Greer The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot Seabiscuit by Laura Hillenbrand And y’all are fans of anything by Roxanne Gay, Mary Roach, Barbara Ehrenreich, Annie Dillard, Doris Kearns Goodwin, and Sarah Vowell!

The Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act (...

Most of us are familiar with The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), as the federal law that ensures protection and security of patients’ personal and health information. Its initial purpose was to protect transmittal of electronic health information as technology began replacing paper (records, communications, and such.) While our personal information is being protected, and it prevents insurance companies from using this information against us when they are determining rates, how does this affect health research? The initial reaction by many researchers to the implementation of HIPAA rules was that research efforts would be hampered due to the difficulty and perhaps inability to gather patient health information.†¦show more content†¦Impact of HIPAA on Health Research The implementation of HIPAA, specifically the final rule, known as the Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable Information: 45 cfr parts 160 and 164, was intended to â€Å"assure that individuals’ health information is properly protected while allowing the flow of health information needed to provide and promote high quality health care and to protect the public s health and well-being. â€Å"(Secretary, H. O. n.d.). Researchers complied with the HIPAA ruling by implementing collection of waivers, consent forms, and surveys, which required approval by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) before data could be used. It appears that for the most part, with proper documentation and proper review and authorization of the documentation, HIPAA has not hindered researchers in their data collection from patients. However, there are those who believed that the implementation of HIPAA had negative repercussions in regards to data collection in regards to health research. Mitigation of HIPAA roadblocks with Waivers Bob Brown, PhD, director of Health Informatics at Michigan State University Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, reports that HIPAA requirements has not negatively impacted health research at MSU. However, its effect on research has been the need for researchers to obtain written permission from patients. The potential roadblock of HIPAA privacy rules have been mitigated by utilizing waivers signed by The Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act (... There are different types of information present in health care. In their field of work, nurses organize data they collect and incorporate it into effective nursing interventions and care plans. As technology increasingly arises in health care, nurses have the duty to maintain privacy and confidentiality of their patient. Therefore, nurses must be proficient in nursing informatics, are responsible for adequate information and documentation, and must abide the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) to safeguard their client’s personal health information. Informatics: Nursing and Health Care Informatics significantly impacts nursing and health care in a multitude of ways. Every day, nurses encounter data and information. The nurse embodies the role as a gatherer to collect the data; information and knowledge user as he or she considers the data gathered and critically thinks through the client’s needs; and a knowledge builder as he or she identifies a pattern (Hebda Czar, 2013, p. 4). Furthermore, nurses must acquire subjective data and objective data in order to properly assess the patient. Then, he or she must use the data obtained to organize pertinent information for proper diagnosis, plan, implementation, and evaluation of their client. Nursing informatics is â€Å"defined as the use of information and computer technology to support all aspects of nursing practice, including delivery of care, administration, education and research† (Hebda Czar, 2013,Show MoreRelatedThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ( Hipaa )1113 Words   |  5 PagesMost of us are familiar with The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), as the federal law that ensures protection and security of patients’ personal and health information. Its initial purpose was to protect transmittal of electronic health information as technology began replacing paper (records, communications, and such.) While our personal information is being protected, and it prevents insurance companies from using this information against us when they are determiningRead More The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)882 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Insurance Portability and Accountability Act The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, most commonly known by its initials HIPAA, was enacted by Congress then signed by President Bill Clinton on August 21, 1996. This act was put into place in order to regulate the privacy of patient health information, and as an effort to lower the cost of health care, shape the many pieces of our complicated healthcare system. This act also protects individuals from losing their healthRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ( Hipaa )1383 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1996 the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). This act of congress has changed how every covered entity manages and distributes health information. Standards have been established for providers. Patients have the right to view their health records. They also have recourse if their health information is disclosed without their permission. As a patient you (or your personal representative) have the right to view and receive a copy of your medical and billing records fromRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ( Hipaa )1533 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: PRIVACY IN HEALTHCARE The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), public law was enacted on August 21, 1996 (HIPAA - General Information, 2013, April 2). HIPAA required the Secretary to issue privacy regulations to rule individually identifiable health information (HHS.gov, n.d.). The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) applies to health plans, health care clearing houses, and to any health care provider who carries health information into electronicRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ( Hipaa )1171 Words   |  5 Pagesfixtures in any business or health care related profession. While these advances increased workplace efficiency and the ease in which one could access company and patient information, it opened organizations and individuals up to security breaches and unsecured information. Overall, these developments brought to light the need for enhanced security and patient control over medical records and treatment. In 1996, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted by CongressRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ( Hipaa )1232 Words   |  5 PagesThe Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted for the purpose of protecting the privacy of a client s personal and health information. ¹ Under HIPAA, protected health information (PHI) includes but is not limited to the following: a person s name, address, date of birth, age, phone and fax numbers, e-mail address, medical records, diagnosis, x-rays, photos, prescriptions, lab work, or test results. ¹ In this particular case scenario, a healthcare employee not only breachedRead MoreHipaa Or Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996983 Words   |  4 Pages HIPAA or Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 is a set of laws aimed to protect people from losing their health insurance coverage during change or loss of employment, to c ontrol health care fraud and abuse, and to maintain patient`s health information and/or status confidential. The origins of HIPAA go as far back as the 1990 when medical records were suggested to become computerized, management of health care records was questioned and portability of health insurance becameRead MoreHealth Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996 ( Hipaa )1319 Words   |  6 Pagescovers information security within Healthcare: †¢ Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) †¢ Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009, †¢ Affordable Care Act of 2010 2. Review and describe each regulation in your own words in minimum 1000 words. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) HIPAA, the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability act was signed into law in 1996 by President ClintonRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996 ( Hipaa )1685 Words   |  7 PagesOffice of Civil Rights (OCR) maintains one of the most well-known laws meant to protect the privacy of health information - the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). HIPAA is composed of statute and rules such as the Privacy Rule, Security Rule, Breach Notification Rule, and others. These rules cover various aspects of health information security. For example, â€Å"the HIPAA Security Rule specifies a series of administrative, physical, and technical safeguards for covered entitiesRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996 ( Hipaa )1686 Words   |  7 PagesLaw 104-191, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). The purpose was to improve the Medicare program under tit le XVIII of the Social Security Act, the Medicaid program under title XIX of such Act, and the efficiency and effectiveness of the health care system. This public law encouraged the development of a health information system through standards and requirements for the electronic transmission of certain health information (aspe.hhs.go). The Act established a program The Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act (... In the mid-90’s, the internet and various advanced technologies were an unescapable part of everyday life. The World Wide Web, computers, and software became common place fixtures in any business or health care related profession. While these advances increased workplace efficiency and the ease in which one could access company and patient information, it opened organizations and individuals up to security breaches and unsecured information. Overall, these developments brought to light the need for enhanced security and patient control over medical records and treatment. In 1996, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted by Congress and has become a legal standard in healthcare and method of ensuring†¦show more content†¦In addition, a majority of health care providers are included, such as doctors, hospitals, mental health professionals, dentists, pharmacies, and alternative medicine providers, such as chiropractors. Health Care Clea ringhouses fall under the covered entities heading and refer to those businesses that deal with health information that is nonstandard. Business that have any involvement with one of the above listed covered entities, such as billing companies, lawyers, information technology specialist, or accounting firm are also legally bound by HIPPA and the subsequent Privacy and Security Acts. There are certain group of people and companies that are not required to adhere to these acts, and included in this categories are worker compensation companies, life insurers, law enforcement, state agencies, schools, or employers. It is important for the both the patient and health care provider to understand what information is being protected, as to avoid any security breach. This protected information included any information in various medical records, patient conversations with all health care professionals about care and treatment, billing data, and a majority of other information regarding patient health. Any patient has the right to see and receive a copy of any health records, request correction be made to a variety of health-related information, control over who the medical records are shared with, The Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act (... INTRODUCTION: PRIVACY IN HEALTHCARE The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), public law was enacted on August 21, 1996 (HIPAA - General Information, 2013, April 2). HIPAA required the Secretary to issue privacy regulations to rule individually identifiable health information (HHS.gov, n.d.). The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) applies to health plans, health care clearing houses, and to any health care provider who carries health information into electronic form in connection with transaction (HHS.gov, n.d.). One of the many most important goals of the privacy rule is for individuals to get the assurance that their health information is being protected while having the flow of health information needed to promote and provide high quality health care and to make sure that the public health is being protected (HHS.gov, n.d.). By doing so brings a balance that allows important uses of information while still protecting the people privacy within the facility (HHS.gov, n. d.). Anything forced by the Privacy Rule are held accountable for abiding by those requirements in March 2002 the Privacy Rule was released to the public for any comments (HHS.gov, n.d.). HIPAA includes don’t tell anyone anything meaning all the information you know should not be shared with a coworker, a friend, or a family member, mental health patients and caregivers causes problems with the law because the inability of sharing information can mostShow MoreRelatedThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ( Hipaa )1113 Words   |  5 PagesMost of us are familiar with The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), as the federal law that ensures protection and security of patients’ personal and health information. Its initial purpose was to protect transmittal of electronic health information as technology began replacing paper (records, communications, and such.) While our personal information is being protected, and it prevents insu rance companies from using this information against us when they are determiningRead More The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)882 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Insurance Portability and Accountability Act The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, most commonly known by its initials HIPAA, was enacted by Congress then signed by President Bill Clinton on August 21, 1996. This act was put into place in order to regulate the privacy of patient health information, and as an effort to lower the cost of health care, shape the many pieces of our complicated healthcare system. This act also protects individuals from losing their healthRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ( Hipaa )1383 Words   |  6 PagesIn 1996 the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). This act of congress has changed how every covered entity manages and distributes health information. Standards have been established for providers. Patients have the right to view their health records. They also have recourse if their health information is disclosed without their permission. As a patient you (or your personal representative) have the right to view and receive a copy of your medical and billing records fromRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ( Hipaa )899 Words   |  4 Pagesinformation present in health care. In their field of work, nurses organize data they collect and incorporate it into effective nursing interventions and care plans. As technology increasingly arises in health care, nurses have the duty to maintain privacy and confidentiality of their patient. Therefore, nurses must be proficient in nursing informatics, are responsible for adequate information and documentation, and must abide the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) to safeguard theirRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ( Hipaa )1171 Words   |  5 Pagesfixtures in any business or health care related profession. While these advances increased workplace efficiency and the ease in which one could access company and patient information, it opened organizations and individuals up to security breaches and unsecured information. Overall, these developments brought to light the need for enhanced security and patient control over medical records and treatment. In 1996, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted by CongressRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ( Hipaa )1232 Words   |  5 PagesThe Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted for the purpose of protecting the privacy of a client s personal and health information. ¹ Under HIPAA, protected health information (PHI) includes but is not limited to the following: a person s name, address, date of birth, age, phone and fax numbers, e-mail address, medical records, diagnosis, x-rays, photos, prescriptions, lab work, or test results. ¹ In this particular case scenario, a healthcare employee not only breachedRead MoreHipaa Or Health Insuran ce Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996983 Words   |  4 Pages HIPAA or Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 is a set of laws aimed to protect people from losing their health insurance coverage during change or loss of employment, to control health care fraud and abuse, and to maintain patient`s health information and/or status confidential. The origins of HIPAA go as far back as the 1990 when medical records were suggested to become computerized, management of health care records was questioned and portability of health insurance becameRead MoreHealth Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996 ( Hipaa )1319 Words   |  6 Pagescovers information security within Healthcare: †¢ Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) †¢ Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009, †¢ Affordable Care Act of 2010 2. Review and describe each regulation in your own words in minimum 1000 words. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) HIPAA, the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability act was signed into law in 1996 by President ClintonRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996 ( Hipaa )1685 Words   |  7 PagesOffice of Civil Rights (OCR) maintains one of the most well-known laws meant to protect the privacy of health information - the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). HIPAA is composed of statute and rules such as the Privacy Rule, Security Rule, Breach Notification Rule, and others. These rules cover various aspects of health information security. For example, â€Å"the HIPAA Security Rule specifies a series of administrative, physical, and technical safeguards for covered entitiesRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act Of 1996 ( Hipaa )1686 Words   |  7 PagesLaw 104-191, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). The purpose was to improve the Medicare program under tit le XVIII of the Social Security Act, the Medicaid program under title XIX of such Act, and the efficiency and effectiveness of the health care system. This public law encouraged the development of a health information system through standards and requirements for the electronic transmission of certain health information (aspe.hhs.go). The Act established a program

Classification and Division Essay Roommates - 799 Words

Essay: Classification or Division. Class: Eng 110. Instructor: Mrs. Anna Forbes. ------------------------------------------------- â€Å"Roommates† Reza Hossaini How different we are! We deal with different people. These people can be our neighbors, class fellows, our friends or they can be our roommates. If I speak about my roommates, first I will categorize them into different groups. However roommates include people or students who come from different places, provinces or even from different countries so in this case they are categorized into various divisions. Generally in my point of view, roommates are classified into three diverse sorts in terms of their behavior, ethic or morality, merit and as bellow; The first kind includes the†¦show more content†¦Roommates in this kind are reliable, sometimes joking, not too much speaking, and a little bit serious. They don’t like to joke too much or if you joke with them, they will get serious soon. They are irascible in joking so you always cannot be kidding with them. As I said, interestingly, in our dormitory the only room which has different kinds of roommates is our room. It is such that other students call our room as â€Å"room of diversity†. It’s the name that they ascribed to us because we have almost all categories of roommates from different provinces with various nationalities. For instance, Sebqatulla one of my roommates is from Herat. Due to having some described characteristics of this class, he fits in the second category. He is serious when we speak to him with a serious tone and he is witty and joking when we do so. In a single word he, adjusts and fits himself in the any environment he locates. Another kind of roommates is conservative roommates. They are so careful about their relations with other people and students. Especially they care how to behave with their roommates. Roommates who include in this category are conservative and much cautious in terms of how to get relation and how his or her other roommates should behave with them. In our room I may go to this category of roommates. I am not that good a joker and get serious soon that is why my roommates don’t joke much with me. Once my roommateShow MoreRelatedChapter 6 – Analyzing Business Markets23838 Words   |  96 Pagesâ€Å"all those individuals and groups who participate in the purchasing decision-making process, who share some common goals and the risks arising from the decisions.† a. buying center (moderate) p. 106 b. initiating team c. purchasing division d. engineering division e. influencing center 48. In the buying center, __________ are people who request that something be purchased, including users or others. a. initiators (moderate) p. 106 b. influencers c. deciders d. approvers e. gatekeepers Read MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesPROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION - PROJECT MANAGEMENT CASE STUDIES, SECOND EDITION HAROLD KERZNER, Ph.D. Division of Business Administration Baldwin-Wallace College Berea, Ohio John Wiley Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored inRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesMultitasking Step 2: Establishing Project Priorities 106 Step 3: Creating the Work Breakdown Structure 108 Major Groupings Found in a WBS 108 How WBS Helps the Project Manager 109 WBS Development 109 34 A Portfolio Management System Classification of the Project Financial Criteria 37 Nonfinancial Criteria 39 36 36 Applying a Selection Model 42 Sources and Solicitation of Project Proposals 43 Ranking Proposals and Selection of Projects 44 Step 4: Integrating the WBS with the OrganizationRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbecome more difficult to compete for major contracts. Moreover, although SSS Software’s revenue and net income continue to grow, the rate of growth declined during the last fiscal year. SSS Software’s 250 employees are divided into several operating divisions with employees at four levels: Nonmanagement, Technical/Professional, Managerial, and Executive. Nonmanagement employees take care of the clerical and facilities support functions. The Technical/Professional staff performs the core technical work

Example of Criticising a Translation Free Essays

The source language text (SLT) is a journalistic news report. It attempts to inform the reader about certain event. On the other hand, The target language text (TLT) is weak and its obvious that the translating process has been done using a translation machine AL WAFI that upholds word-for-word translation. We will write a custom essay sample on Example of Criticising a Translation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The target language text (TLT) reads foreign. as well as, its difficult to be understood, it does not flow smooothly and does not have a natural feel due to the lexical, grammatical and textual errors that are detected in the text. In the target language text (TLT), there are many lexical errors have been detected. First, the lexical item â€Å" † in the first paragraph does not collocate with â€Å"` ? † since in Arabic language the word â€Å" † collocates with â€Å" † and the word â€Å" † is used to collocate with kings and queens. The second lexical error that detected in the text is the word â€Å" † in the second paragraph, which does not collocate at all with the word â€Å" â€Å". the word that collocates with â€Å" † in Arabic language is â€Å" â€Å". There is another lexical error detected in the text associated with equivalence. The word â€Å" † in the second paragraph.The lexical item â€Å"concern† means â€Å" † in arabic, but in this context it should have been translated into â€Å" â€Å", while the translation machine service AL WAFI has disregarded the context which the lexical item appears in and opted only one meaning for the lexical item â€Å"situation†. There are also grammatical e rrors that are detected in the text. The first error associated with the word order in the first paragraph, where an obligatory straucture shift should have been taken place, since in Arabic language we start the sentence with the verb and the word order is (VSO) different from the English lamguage.So the translator machine should have started with â€Å" † the verb, not with â€Å" † the subject. The second grammatical error is detected in the second paragraph, the word â€Å" â€Å". In Arabic language since we are talking about two persons that means that we have to say â€Å" â€Å", but the translator disregarded this matter since in english there is no grammar base called â€Å"dual† unlike Arabic language. Therefore it should have been translated into â€Å" † in accordance with Arabic language conventions. The third grammatical error is detected in the second paragraph, associated with the word â€Å" . Since AL WAFI is translating word-for-word, it has disregarded the â€Å"du ality† in Arabic language and translate it according to what appears before it in the context â€Å"they†, but â€Å"they† in this context refers to the president and the king, that should have been translated into â€Å" † in accordance with the Arabic language conventions. The third type of errors detected are textual errors. the first error is detected in the first paragraph, and associated with â€Å" † its obvious in the English text that â€Å"three days visit† is a visit will remain for a three days.But in Arabic it should have been explicited to comply with the Arabic language conventions and should have been translated into â€Å" † or â€Å" â€Å". The second textual error is detected in the second paragraph. The translator machine has started the paragraph without being linked with the first paragraph, where it should have been linked to the first one because its a journalistic text. A cohesive device must take a place in the initial of the paragraph wich is â€Å"? † to make the text read more smoothly.In Arabic language there must be more explicitaion that should take place to make the texts always read as a natural texts and can be understandable. Breifly, The target language text (TLT) is weak. a lot of errors detected in the translated text, and the translation machine opted the word-for-word translation, disregarded the Arabic language conventions. Therefore it reads as a foreign text, and does not flow smoothly. There are several matters Must be taken into account to make the text has a’natural feel’. How to cite Example of Criticising a Translation, Papers

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay Example

The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay ?â€Å"The Lottery,† a short story written by Dr. Shirley Jackson, It’s a 3rd person Narrative tale story with a neutral tone but an unforeseen ending. The author creates a story filled with interesting setting, symbolism, even in forms of characters, irony, grim reality, and a ritualized tradition that masks evil, which ultimately demonstrates how people blindly follow tradition. The setting of this story is anonymous the town is unnamed and its locations is not stated. with the help of close reading it seems to take place in a rural small farming community that has about three hundred people. In the beginning of the story the writer painted a beautiful atmosphere fill with joy but also anticipation because throughout the story, the reader gets an odd feeling about the residents and their annual practice hosted every year on June 27th called â€Å"The Lottery†. While reading through the second paragraph of the story there is an overwhelming sense that something terrifying is about to happen. Jackson’s use effects such as foreshadowing through the depiction of characters and setting. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lottery by Shirley Jackson specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Lottery by Shirley Jackson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Lottery by Shirley Jackson specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The literary device call Allegory is well seen in this story. The nature of the lottery itself is seem as an aspect of the story that is not exactly part of the plot nor the character’s even thou it connects to all the parts. Some other symbols that are mention are the Black box, the ballot which is blank containing one with a black dot and stones. The black box seems to symbolize the past, present and origins.The Black box also represents death. The ballot with the black dot can also represent evil or chosen one. according to folktales any white surface that has a black dot on it is consider sinful or curse.The Significant of the stones in this story give a hint that violence was seeking in. The social context in this story was clearly seen that the villagers was participating in a tradition that their themselves was not fully sure why it wa

Free Essays on Causes Of The Spanish American War

Causes of the Spanish American War Yellow Journalism Joseph Pulitzer – The World Wm. Randolph Hearst – The Journal These newspapers printed slanted and sensationalized articles about the war to attract readers. Cubans revolt against Spanish rule in Cuba Jose Marti – Cuban patriot who wrote newspaper articles about the struggle for freedom. Lola Rodrigvez ditio – Puerto Rican poet who wrote poems for Puerto Rican Independence. The U.S. wanted to protect their business interests in Cuba. Entrepreneurs saw natural resources and cheap labor. Expansionists saw new territories to conquer. The Yellow Press influenced decisions made in Washington, and the â€Å"jingoistic† attitude of national assertiveness made the plight of the Cubans something to fight for. General â€Å"Butcher† Weyler, nicknamed by Hearst’s Journal, was the commander of the Spanish forces in Cuba. He began a policy of â€Å"reconcentrado† where Cubans were forced into camps under the notion of being defended from the US. Rather this was done so that Cubans could not aid or join US forces. These people suffered greatly at the Butcher’s hands, and any sympathizers were executed. The U.S. wanted to enforce/expand the Monroe Doctrine. The battleship Maine exploded in Havana Harbor. The DeLome Letter The NY Journal published a letter from the Spanish Minister to the US, Dupuy de Lome, to Jose Canalejas, a Spanish editor and politician, which contained derogatory references to Pres. McKinley. The public was outraged. The Teller Amendment Demanded that Spain relinquish its authority and government in Cuba, and gave the president the authority to use land and navel forces to enforce this resolution.... Free Essays on Causes Of The Spanish American War Free Essays on Causes Of The Spanish American War Causes of the Spanish American War Yellow Journalism Joseph Pulitzer – The World Wm. Randolph Hearst – The Journal These newspapers printed slanted and sensationalized articles about the war to attract readers. Cubans revolt against Spanish rule in Cuba Jose Marti – Cuban patriot who wrote newspaper articles about the struggle for freedom. Lola Rodrigvez ditio – Puerto Rican poet who wrote poems for Puerto Rican Independence. The U.S. wanted to protect their business interests in Cuba. Entrepreneurs saw natural resources and cheap labor. Expansionists saw new territories to conquer. The Yellow Press influenced decisions made in Washington, and the â€Å"jingoistic† attitude of national assertiveness made the plight of the Cubans something to fight for. General â€Å"Butcher† Weyler, nicknamed by Hearst’s Journal, was the commander of the Spanish forces in Cuba. He began a policy of â€Å"reconcentrado† where Cubans were forced into camps under the notion of being defended from the US. Rather this was done so that Cubans could not aid or join US forces. These people suffered greatly at the Butcher’s hands, and any sympathizers were executed. The U.S. wanted to enforce/expand the Monroe Doctrine. The battleship Maine exploded in Havana Harbor. The DeLome Letter The NY Journal published a letter from the Spanish Minister to the US, Dupuy de Lome, to Jose Canalejas, a Spanish editor and politician, which contained derogatory references to Pres. McKinley. The public was outraged. The Teller Amendment Demanded that Spain relinquish its authority and government in Cuba, and gave the president the authority to use land and navel forces to enforce this resolution....

How to become a legal secretary

How to become a legal secretary Some fields come with perennial job openings, because basic human needs don’t change very much- healthcare and education come to mind. The legal world is like this as well. It’s an industry that will always be necessary. And if you don’t have or want a law degree, don’t worry! That’s not a barrier to breaking into the field (unless your goal is to be a practicing attorney). If you have stellar organizational skills and an interest in the law, you can break into the industry as a legal secretary. Let’s look at the basic building blocks of this career path.What’s the difference between paralegals and legal secretaries?In the legal world, there are a number of non-attorney legal professionals in supporting roles who work for law firms, legal clinics, and government agencies as part of the legal team. These roles are typically broken out into two types:Legal secretary/assistants: Legal secretaries may organize and file legal documents or c ase research, but their primary role is to support the lawyers administratively. This can include managing calendars, scheduling appointments, performing many of the same tasks as an administrative professional in virtually every other industry. There’s no specific degree typically required to become a legal secretary, but associate’s degrees are fairly common.Paralegals: Paralegals focus more on the legal aspects of the supporting role. The paralegal is more likely to work directly with clients, taking and giving information, managing depositions or other legal meetings, and conducting research. Paralegals typically hold a four-year degree in paralegal studies.What does a legal secretary do?Legal secretaries are responsible for managing an attorney’s day-to-day office life. That may include the following responsibilities:Maintaining attorney schedules, scheduling appointmentsDrafting correspondence and legal documents (such as briefs, subpoenas, or motions)Mana ging and ordering office suppliesAnswering phones and emailGreeting clientsFiling legal and administrative documentsCopying, scanning, and faxing legal documentsAssisting with research and reading legal journals or materialsReviewing and proofreading legal documentsLegal secretaries typically work full-time in an office setting, though the number of hours can vary depending on the needs of the firm or legal office.What skills do legal secretaries have?Legal secretaries need to have a very strong administrative skill set to succeed at their jobs. Legal skills and context can be learned, but without that basis of organization and management, a legal secretary would find him- or herself feeling very challenged by the day-to-day work.Organizational Skills:  Legal secretaries are largely responsible for keeping attorneys (and their work) organized. Being detail-oriented is a must, because even small slips or carelessness could have serious legal consequences.Discretion:  Legal inform ation is often privileged information, so the legal secretary needs to be someone who can be trusted with confidential info. Again, breaches of this trust can lead to legal consequences, so being able to keep work at work and being discreet about information learned in the course of the job are essential to the legal secretary’s job.Time Management:  Attorneys often have hectic schedules full of client appointments, court dates, and other important meetings. The legal world is also based very heavily on deadlines. If the legal secretary doesn’t have tight control over making sure things are happening on time, that can put projects or cases at risk.People Skills:  The legal secretary is often the initial go-between for attorneys, legal staff and their clients, making appointments and greeting clients who come in. A friendly, professional demeanor when dealing with guests or colleagues is essential. Legal issues can also be stressful for clients and legal staff alike , so a calm â€Å"bedside manner† can be a very helpful asset in this role.Technology Skills:  Being up-to-date on standard administrative tools like word processing, email clients, presentation software/apps, productivity apps, and digital filing systems is a must for legal secretaries. There will likely be paper-based filing for certain things (especially confidential information), but as the world becomes more digital in general, legal secretaries should be well-versed and adaptable when it comes to using technology in their everyday work.Communication Skills:  Clear, solid written and verbal communication skills are a cornerstone for legal assistants- especially for legal correspondence and documents. Details are important always, but in legal matters they can mean everything. Legal secretaries may also work on proofreading or editing legal documents for attorneys, so having a critical, knowledgeable eye for language and grammar is important.Teamwork:  Everyone who works on a case is part of the team- from the attorney to the secretary to the paralegals and research assistants. Everyone has a common goal of providing the best possible legal work and representation, so there’s little room for diva behavior. Legal secretaries should be adept at working with different kinds of people to make sure projects and cases are being worked on with maximum efficiency and minimum drama.What do you need to become a legal secretary?For many legal secretary jobs, there is no formal degree requirement, though many employers may prefer at least an associate’s degree in a legal studies field. There are also no specific licensing or certification requirements for the job, but there are a number of professional certification options for legal secretaries who want to take the extra step; the National Association for Legal Secretaries (NALS) and Legal Secretaries International both offer certificate programs.How much do legal secretaries get paid?Accor ding to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, legal secretaries make a median annual salary of $44,180, which is higher than the median annual salary for other types of secretaries and administrative assistants ($37,320).What’s the outlook for legal secretaries?For legal secretaries/assistants and paralegals, the number of job openings is expected to grow by 16% by 2026, which is not only much faster than average for all jobs, but also significantly faster than non-legal secretary jobs (which are expected to dip by about 5% over the same period).If you’re thinking about this exciting career path and have a passion for details, it could be your ideal path into the legal industry. Once you’ve gained experience as a legal secretary, you can use that as a stepping stone to becoming a paralegal, or maybe even decide to become an attorney yourself! Whatever your goals, it’s a solid administrative role that can bring satisfaction and job security.

Gulf Currency Union Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gulf Currency Union - Research Proposal Example Keywords: Gulf Currency Union, GCU, Middle East, Saudi Arabia. Gulf Currency Union: A Research Proposal Gulf Currency Union is a popular object of professional discussion. Much has been written and said about its benefits and potential costs for the Gulf countries. GCU exemplifies a complex product of multiple influences and reflects the growing role of globalization and integration in economic relations between Middle Eastern countries. However, how GCU will affect these countries remains unclear. Clearly, there is a need for a study of GCU and its effects on Saudi Arabia. The choice of this research topic is justified by the growing importance of GCU ideas in the Middle East and the lack of information about the benefits and costs of GCU for Saudi Arabia. It is imperative that the effects of the currency union on Saudi Arabia be understood in their entirety, to ensure that the country uses the potential of GCU membership to the fullest and can easily avoid its drawbacks. Literature Review The growing body of literature indicates sustained popularity of GCU and related subjects in literature. The history of economic cooperation between GCC states dates back to 1981, when the Free Trade Area in the GCC region was established and a unified Economic Agreement was ratified (MacDonald & Al Faris, 2010). Since 1981, economic cooperation in among the six GCC states had been rapidly expanding (MacDonald & Al Faris, 2010). Unfortunately, because of numerous political tensions in the Middle East, the GCC states failed to implement the vision of economic integration; it was not before the beginning of the 21st century that the idea of a common trade and currency area was revitalized (MacDonald & Al Faris, 2010). During the 1990s, the GCC countries also attempted to establish a customs union (MacDonald & Al Faris, 2010). Today, the existing relationships between Gulf countries lay a solid foundation for implementing the Gulf Currency Union idea into practice. It should be noted, that more and more researchers are interested in analyzing the effects of GCU on the Middle Eastern world. The topic of monetary union in the Gulf region remains one of the popular objects of public and political debate. Previous literature â€Å"has concentrated on three main themes, namely, the costs and benefits of a single currency in the short and long term; the degree of macroeconomic policy coordination and the extent to which the Gulf States meet the theoretical criteria of an optimal monetary union; and finally the best exchange rate regime for the single currency.† (MacDonald & Al Faris, 2010, p.9) There is no agreement on the pros and cons of GCU for Middle Eastern countries. According to Buiter (2007), the union can benefit the GCC countries in that it promotes economic openness and financial security, as well as greater integration followed by the development of a common goods/ services/ capital/ labor markets. However, the lack of supranational governmen t bodies and institutions makes such outcomes extremely unlikely; moreover, countries joining GCU will have to sacrifice their political independence for the sake of economic integration (Buiter, 2007). Al-Bassam (2008) explored the benefits of GCU for Bahrain and developed a list of factors supporting GCU, including the elimination of currency transaction costs, considerable economic and financial savings, minimization of exchange rate risks, better pricing transparency and improved competition in business, greater fiscal

FORBIDDEN FRUIT A story by Fazil Iskander Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FORBIDDEN FRUIT A story by Fazil Iskander - Essay Example However one day, his sister accepts pork from Auntie Sonya and goes ahead to eat greedily as well as torture her brother Fazil by the way she eats in a tempting way. This result in Fazil’s decision to torture her as well; a plan which greatly backfires and lands Fazil the ‘perfect student’ in the wrong books of his father. Fazil begins the story with a brief exp[lanation of the muslim laws and what it forbids:eating of pork as well as drinking of alcohol.Whereas eating of pork was strictly forbidden;drinking of alcohol was allowed without any restraint. Fazil goes on to narrate about his encounters with pork and the way it made him salivate as well as burn with desire. He had endless and wild dreams, fantasies as well as imaginations about how it would feel like eating pork. Though he had several opportunities of tasting and even eating it; he never for once broke the rule. He enjoyed the sweetness of self denial which also helped him overcome the pangs of desire.Fazil usually felt morally superior to his friends and much enjoyed acting mysteriously. In their neighborhood; lived a nurse by the name of Sonya and they fondly called her Auntie Sonya. Auntie Sonya had lost her first husband in the civil war; but had been married once again by uncle Shura, whom Fazil loved very much. Fazil frequently visited their house and each time he was offered pork and refused. Thus;†they often ate pork and had offered it to me before, but I always firmly excused myself-which for some reason rather amused Uncle Shura.†This clearly shows that Fazil was very serious about his Muslim religion and would never dare violate it. One day, Fazil’s sister joined him and was offered pork. After feigning hesitation for a short moment, she accepted the sandwich and started eating it. Fazil almost choked on his own tea on seeing his sister eating the pork. Fazil’s sister enjoyed it very much and did not seem to mind if there was anything wrong with it. This on the

Character Moral Deficiencies in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

â€Å"All the world's a stage / And all the men and women merely players.† This quote from William Shakespeare compares the world to a stage and life to a play where men and women are just actors playing their role. This message is not so different from F. Scott Fitzgerald's in his novel, The Great Gatsby (1925). The wealthy characters in The Great Gatsby are Shakespeare’s players; and the Valley of Ashes is part of his stage, where the awful consequences of their moral deficiencies are played out. The Valley of Ashes is a desolate area of land which is covered by ashes dumped by industrial companies; it is described as a â€Å"fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat† (Fitzgerald 24). Beneath the ashes, George and Myrtle Wilson make their meager living by running a gas station next to a billboard advertising an oculist business in Queens. This billboard has two eyes looking out over the Valley of Ashes, seemingly watching and judging the characters who pass t hrough. Here in the Valley of Ashes, the stage is set on which the superficial and material-driven characters can display their selfishness. Furthermore, the effects of their immorality are exemplified as well. Fitzgerald develops the symbol of the Valley of Ashes to strengthen the thematic idea of the effects of utter corruption and selfishness in The Great Gatsby; this can be expressed through the scandalous affair of Tom Buchanan and Myrtle Wilson, the tragic murder of Myrtle Wilson, and George Wilson's pronounced rage. Tom Buchanan, Daisy’s immensely wealthy husband, has no moral reservations about his own extramarital affair with Myrtle who lives in the Valley of Ashes. The affair begins from an innocent train ride, but Tom's own lack of moral standards contribute to the ... ...by the mind—they do not possess any inherent meaning; rather, people invest them with meaning. Fitzgerald uses the symbol of the Valley of Ashes to further analyze the thematic idea of corruption and selfishness in The Great Gatsby. Multiple events occur in the Valley of Ashes throughout the novel, three of which exemplify Fitzgerald's theme very well: the amoral affair of Tom Buchanan and Myrtle Wilson, the murder of Myrtle Wilson, and George Wilson's manifested rage. Work Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner, 2013. Print. Character Moral Deficiencies in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald â€Å"All the world's a stage / And all the men and women merely players.† This quote from William Shakespeare compares the world to a stage and life to a play where men and women are just actors playing their role. This message is not so different from F. Scott Fitzgerald's in his novel, The Great Gatsby (1925). The wealthy characters in The Great Gatsby are Shakespeare’s players; and the Valley of Ashes is part of his stage, where the awful consequences of their moral deficiencies are played out. The Valley of Ashes is a desolate area of land which is covered by ashes dumped by industrial companies; it is described as a â€Å"fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat† (Fitzgerald 24). Beneath the ashes, George and Myrtle Wilson make their meager living by running a gas station next to a billboard advertising an oculist business in Queens. This billboard has two eyes looking out over the Valley of Ashes, seemingly watching and judging the characters who pass t hrough. Here in the Valley of Ashes, the stage is set on which the superficial and material-driven characters can display their selfishness. Furthermore, the effects of their immorality are exemplified as well. Fitzgerald develops the symbol of the Valley of Ashes to strengthen the thematic idea of the effects of utter corruption and selfishness in The Great Gatsby; this can be expressed through the scandalous affair of Tom Buchanan and Myrtle Wilson, the tragic murder of Myrtle Wilson, and George Wilson's pronounced rage. Tom Buchanan, Daisy’s immensely wealthy husband, has no moral reservations about his own extramarital affair with Myrtle who lives in the Valley of Ashes. The affair begins from an innocent train ride, but Tom's own lack of moral standards contribute to the ... ...by the mind—they do not possess any inherent meaning; rather, people invest them with meaning. Fitzgerald uses the symbol of the Valley of Ashes to further analyze the thematic idea of corruption and selfishness in The Great Gatsby. Multiple events occur in the Valley of Ashes throughout the novel, three of which exemplify Fitzgerald's theme very well: the amoral affair of Tom Buchanan and Myrtle Wilson, the murder of Myrtle Wilson, and George Wilson's manifested rage. Work Cited Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Scribner, 2013. Print.

Paper Camp

DRUG ADDICTION AS A PROBLEM-DETERMINED SYSTEM: A CASE STUDY Introduction Drug addiction seems to be a rapidly growing societal problem that leaves many lives destroyed in its wake. Families are ripped apart by its devastating impact, and countless drug addicts are unable to free themselves from the powerful grip of drug addiction and consequently pay with their lives. According to Edmonds and Wilcocks (1995), drug addiction is a very real problem in South Africa. It affects people from all walks of life and can no longer be considered a localised problem.Jackson, Usher and O’Brien (2006) found that the experience of having a family member that is addicted to drugs, especially a child, had a profound effect on other members of the immediate family as well as on the family relationships. Butler and Bauld (2005) highlighted the devastation parents experienced in learning that their child was addicted to drugs and the subsequent impact that this had on their lives. Grohsman (2007) argues that the impact of drug addiction goes beyond the individual and the family, as the ripples thereof can also be felt in the larger community and economy.Therefore, it seems that parents, families, teachers, community and church leaders, healthcare professionals, law enforcement agencies, government and society at large, have a tremendous task ahead in the prevention and treatment of drug abuse throughout the country. Just like a tree bears fruit when conditions are optimal for such an occurrence to take place, the problem of drug addiction is also assumed to develop within the context of a system of relatedness that put forth just the right ingredients for its emergence.Therefore, as the 3 researcher, I set out to explore the specific interactions between role players that created a suitable environment for the problem of drug addiction to emerge. As human beings, we are social creatures and thus our life experiences are inevitably tied up in the experiences of others. Any a ttempt to understand a particular individual has to include those that form part of that individual’s ecology of living Statement of the problem ? Drop in attendance and performance at work or school. Engaging in secretive or suspicious behaviors. ? Sudden change in friends, favorite hangouts, and hobbies. ? Unexplained change in personality or attitude. ? Sudden mood swings, irritability, or angry outbursts. ? Periods of unusual hyperactivity, agitation, or giddiness. ? To built up a drug tolerance ? take drugs to avoid or relieve withdrawal symptoms. ? lost control over your drug use ? life revolves around drug use ? abandoned activities you used to enjoy,  . continue to use drugs, despite knowing it’s hurting you. Significance of the study The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of how a problemdetermined system developed around a case of drug addiction within the context of a system of relatedness. The epistemological framework informing this qualitative study was constructivism. The six participants who took part in the study represent the most prominent role players in the particular context of living.The individual battling with drug addiction, his parents, older sister, maternal grandmother and maternal aunt were interviewed. The methods of data collection employed were semi-structured interviews, a chronological event chart, genograms, and an eco-map. The interviews were interpreted using the hermeneutic approach. The different themes that emerged from each participant’s story were integrated in relation to each other and with respect to the collaborative sources of data.The most dominant themes extracted within this study are the initial reactions to Andrew’s drug addiction, life changes experienced due to Andrew’s drug addiction, support, as well as the meanings attributed to Andrew’s drug addiction. Further researcher into problem-determined systems in different cultures is recommende d. To Students: Firstly, the one reason of drug abuse among university students is peer pressure, particularly from the social influences among friends, school, and the community.If their social main group is using drugs, it can risk for teens because they are the juncture age that really easy to be persuaded. For example, most of university students got a lot of money from their parents and a lot of students left home and have a freedom to stay in dormitory by themselves, these can cause teenagers to try drugs just to fit in the social norms, they might do it to impress their buddies to be considered â€Å"cool† as part of being in the group and gain acceptance by friends.To Everybody:  as we now, today this entire staff called drug, affect mostly young people and it is more obvious in places where there are many gathered, like university because of the easiness of finding drugs in university, whenever they want, it is really easy for them to buy it because of weak law   enforcement in our country. In short, University students use drug because peer pressure, faulty function of the family, to relive their depression and the  weak law  enforcement. I think it is a big problem so much and we should do anything to protect them from drug.They need to be more educated about drug abuse and have a stopping drug campaign. Moreover, the most important that can help is a family. Strong family relationship, interest in your teens, talking with reasons can prevent drug use Limitations of the Study Throughout the entire process of completing this study, the following limitations were found: The focus of this study was only directed on the experiences of one particular family in one specific culture. This narrow scope might be considered a limitation to this study, as it only explored how a single Caucasian family ascribed meaning to their particular experience of rug addiction. However, the main reasoning or driving force of this study was not to generalise the experiences of a particular family as being similar or dissimilar to the experiences of other families. Therefore, the qualitative orientation of this study allowed me as the researcher to focus my attention solely on the manner in which one family conceptualised their experiences of drug addiction. As was pointed out, Terre Blanche et al. (2006) explain that a qualitative approach allows the researcher to study selected issues in depth, openness and etail as it involves the studying of real-life situations as they unfold naturally. Therefore, the focus of this study was not aimed at aspects of generalised applicability that would fall within the domain of quantitative research. Another limitation to this study was the absence of Tim’s perspective regarding the family drama. However, it was each participant’s privilege and right to decide whether they wanted to partake in this research study. Tim’s refusal to be a part of this research study was therefore re spected. Review or related determine Personal history and backgroundChildhood memory: [pic] In response to the news of Andrew’s drug addiction, David and Lauren both blamed themselves and tried to make sense of the situation. Both Emma and Sophia report that they also blamed David and Lauren for Andrew’s drug problem. When Katie heard about Andrew’s drug addiction, she blamed him for it, while Andrew also reported that he only had himself to blame. The first theme contains all the initial reactions experienced by the participants shortly after Andrew’s drug problem was exposed. Moreover, Andrew’s reaction to the responses from is family is also included here. Early adolescence Lauren, David, Katie, Emma and Sophia all reported experiencing shock. Both Lauren and David reported experiencing devastation, helplessness and guilt. Yet Lauren and David also felt relieved as they reported how the puzzle pieces fell into place at that moment. Emma was the only participant to report feelings of utter disbelief, and Katie was the only participant who reported that she was not surprised by the news of Andrew’s drug addiction as she had all along been suspecting that something was wrong with Andrew.Andrew reported feeling embarrassed and sad when he told his family about his drug problem. Turning point Theme Two: Life Changes Experienced due to Andrew’s Drug Addiction This theme characterises all the changes that resulted in the family from the impact of Andrew’s drug addiction. Also included in this theme are the changes that took place in Andrew’s own life as a result of his drug addiction. Emotional changes Lauren and David reported that they felt helpless, guilty and overwhelmed by Andrew’s drug addiction. Emma and Sophia reported that they felt overwhelmed by the extent of their involvement.Both Lauren and Andrew reported that they both felt utterly alone during this time. 15 Katie was the only par ticipant to report that she felt tied-down by her responsibilities toward her own family, and that she was subsequently rather uninvolved in Andrew’s problems. Andrew reported that he felt anger towards his family. Identity changes Lauren, David and Andrew reported that they thought of themselves as failures. Lauren felt that she had failed as a mother and David felt that he failed as a father. Andrew reported that he was labelled as the black sheep of the family when his drug addiction became public.David was the only participant to report that he was embarrassed by Andrew. Occupational changes Lauren reported that her occupational situation had become stressful as she repeatedly had to take time off from work as a result of Andrew’s drug addiction. She often had to attend court hearings when he had been arrested. Andrew reported that he had lost his job as a result of his drug addiction. Relationship changes Lauren, David, Katie and Andrew all reported that there was much more conflict between the family members. David and Lauren reported that communication within the family had become constrained.Emma and Sophia reported that they became much closer to the members of the Joubert family as a result of their involvement. Katie was the only participant to report that she visited her parents less because Andrew was there. Reinforcement The orientation of this study is also adequately disclosed in that, as the researcher, I clearly demarcated my personal interest in the study and expectations thereof. The nature of the study was also clearly explained. As the researcher, my engagement with the material is reflected through the hermeneutic process of data analysis, which attempts to discover meaning and to achieve understanding.Consequently, specific themes were identified that seem to underlie each participant’s unique experience regarding the topic of the study. Therefore, I attempted to approach this 26 study from a position of â€Å"not knowing† and allowed myself the privilege of seeing the world through the eyes of each participant that took part in this study. The hermeneutic process of data analysis also allowed me the opportunity to firmly ground the various interpretations, by linking each identified theme with examples from the specific interviews conducted with the participants.The validity of this study was obtained by utilising the â€Å"triangulation† strategy. The data generated in this study was obtained from multiple sources such as the literature study, the description of the family and its members, the genograms, a chronological event chart, an eco-map and semi-structured interviews. The validity of this study is further strengthened by the overall coherence reflected in the qualitative nature, postmodern ontology, constructivist epistemology, literature study, hermeneutic method of analysis and collaborative resources chosen for this study.As such, a visible thread of relevance runs th rough the different facets of this study. The study also appears â€Å"fruitful† as it provides an abundance of rich and meaningful descriptions about drug addiction as a problem-determined system. In particular, the participants that took part in this study all agreed that the ways in which I engaged them individually had made sense to them. As such, catalytic validity has been achieved. Conclusion This study allowed me as the researcher the profound privilege of bearing witness to intricate complexities of the Joubert family drama.Through the stories told by each participant, the themes that seem to underlie them, and from the collaborative sources of data, I was able to see how Andrew’s drug addiction developed within the context of his family system. The following hypotheses were made: It appears that the Joubert family has always had extremely limiting rules to which each member had to adhere. These rules inevitably resulted in the formation of redundant 28 patter ns of interaction between the family members.The limited family repertoire provided a sense of stability as it ensured the predictability of each family member. Perhaps Andrew’s birth marked the start of this family’s evolution from an â€Å"undifferentiated blob of sameness† to greater individual differentiation. When Andrew was much younger, it was easier for the family to maintain its stability or status quo by opposing the difference or the new information that Andrew tried to bring to the family system. At this time, Andrew was merely pushed toward the periphery of the family as he was labelled the black sheep and the outsider.Thus, by reframing the difference that Andrew brought to his family as deviance, the family was able to remain homeostatic and unchanged. But despite the Joubert family’s commitment to sameness, they had managed to create the context for change. Their immediate response to the challenge that Andrew’s drug addiction posed to their stability, was to form a problem-determined system whereby they all agreed through their languaging that Andrew’s drug addiction was in fact a problem. In this manner, the family tried to keep Andrew as their scapegoat by once again labelling him as the sole carrier of the problem.However, Andrew’s drug addiction was much stronger than the homeostatic tendency of the Joubert family unit, and so evolution could take place. As a result, the stable family system was pushed off its axes and relationships were altered to such an extent that greater differentiation amongst the family members was made possible. Finally, it seems appropriate to say that where there was a beginning there is now an ending and in that way the study has come full circle as it achieved that which it has set out to achieve.

10 Things to Know About President John Tyler